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Using a VPN is a great way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it is not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple for a back door to get beyond the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI needed to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a rear door or comparable hack is different, it becomes a target, a prize for the bad guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the poor guys can't get in either. .

All the products in this roundup explicitly say that they have no back door, and that's as it should be. It will mean that in the event you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document secret you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you might lock it up in a protected. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel with these options.

One type of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disk that, when open, acts like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, all of the documents that you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Like the virtual drive solution, a few products store your encrypted information in the cloud. This strategy requires extreme care, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a far larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan to use encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial offered by each one of those products to get a feel for the different options.

Once you copy a document into protected storage, or make an encrypted version of it, then you definitely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even in the event that you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the information still exists on disc, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products prevent this issue by encrypting the document in location, literally overwriting it on disc with an encrypted version. It's more common, though, to offer safe deletion as an option. If you choose a product that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based recovery tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval functions because the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known information and reading around the borders of what's left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other document into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back through the box, with the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has settled on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and all the products accumulated here service AES. Even those that support other algorithms tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the typical consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can share it with anyone, enroll it in an integral exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. Another is personal, and should be closely guarded. If I want to send you a secret document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can create a digital signature that proves your document came from you and hasn't been modified. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact that your public key decrypts it's all the evidence you need. PKI support is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a file with someone and your encryption application doesn't linked here support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.